Zr/P/O catalyst for the direct acid chemo-hydrolysis of non-pretreated microcrystalline cellulose and softwood sawdust

This paper compares the catalytic behavior of several heterogeneous acid catalysts in the direct hydrolysis of an untreated softwood dust. Among the various catalysts investigated, some were characterized by a relatively high yield to monosaccharides, such as a Zirconium phosphate and the reference Amberlyst 15. Conversely, some catalyst types, i.e. Sn/W mixed oxide and Zirconia-grafted trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, were selective into glucose, since sugars derived from hemicellulose dissolution and hydrolysis were rapidly degraded. A detailed analysis of the reactivity of Zr/P/O was conducted, in the hydrolysis of both untreated and ball-milled microcrystalline cellulose; at 150 °C and 3 h reaction time, the catalyst gave high selectivity to glucose, with negligible formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and moderate cellulose conversion. After cellulose ball-milling, a notable increase in conversion was achieved, still with a high selectivity to glucose and very low formation of degradation compounds. The catalyst showed high affinity for β-1,4-glucans, as demonstrated by the activity in cellobiose hydrolysis into glucose.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► Several solid acid catalysts were studied for softwood sawdust hydrolysis. ► Amorphous Zr phosphate turned out to be an active catalyst. ► With the Zr/P/O, 5.8% glucose yield was obtained from untreated crystalline cellulose. ► Ball-treatment of the cellulose led to a large increase of glucose yield. ► The Zr/P/O catalyst could be recovered and reused.