Geological features supporting deep-sea coral habitat in Atlantic Canada

Geological features supporting cold-water coral habitat in Atlantic Canada are reviewed and exemplified using qualitative field observations from the Scotian margin and Southwest Grand Banks, Newfoundland, in the context of regional geology of the Atlantic Canadian continental margin. Coral habitats are concentrated in areas of shelf-crossing troughs and trough-mouth fans associated with glacial ice streams. Most habitat types are supported by glacial or glaciomarine depositional features, although some are supported by erosional features, probably related to subglacial meltwater erosion. Shelf-break and upper continental slope moraine deposits, subject to strong currents, form current-swept cobble-boulder pavements, forming the principal habitats for the large gorgonian corals Primnoa resedaeformis and Paragorgia arborea. At greater depths, upper slope till tongues are upper continental slope gravelly mud deposits, exposed at the surface as isolated cobbles and boulders in a muddy sand matrix. Common skeletal corals in these environments include the large long-lived gorgonian Keratoisis ornata, the smaller gorgonian Acanthogorgia armata, and, in muddy sand between rocks, the small gorgonian Acanella arbuscula. Erosional environments including friable Tertiary mudstones and semi-consolidated Quaternary sediments, colonized by large gorgonians and other corals, were observed in The Gully, the Stone Fence, and the Southwest Grand Banks. Weak bedrock strength may limit the size of large gorgonian coral colonies. Authigenic carbonate crusts, possibly related to cold seeps, may be locally important in supporting coral growth. Predictive models of coral distribution should consider Quaternary and surficial geology.