Approaches to model the life cycle of harmful algae

Models of harmful algal blooms (HABs) need to include autecological characteristics of the HAB species because the bloom dynamics can only be successfully described if relevant life cycle aspects (in particular en- and excystment) are included in some way. This study presents an overview on how the life cycle is considered in current Lagrangian and Eulerian models. Examples of the latter are given, which range from crude parameterizations in one-compartment models, to stage-resolving twelve-compartment models. Advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches are highlighted. A generalized model classification is presented which may be used as a framework for further phytoplankton life cycle modeling studies.