Analysis of large-scale spatio-temporal trends of Ostrea puelchana beds in Northern Patagonian gulfs, Argentina

•Changes in Ostrea puelchana abundance in Northern Patagonia were examined.•Paleontological, archaeological and fishery data were gathered together in a baseline.•Population declined in the 1990s; however, new beds established in distant areas.•A Bonamia exitiosa epizootic might be the key factor to explain beds contraction.•Larval connectivity and long-term suitable general conditions might explain beds expansion.

Wild oyster populations have declined severely worldwide, however fluctuations of South Atlantic populations are poorly documented. We explored the changes in the abundance of Ostrea puelchana population of Northern Patagonia, Argentina, by linking data from paleontological, archaeological and informal sources, with time series data from fishing, ecological and studies of oyster pathology.The present work is the first study which includes a South Atlantic time series concerning oyster beds. The focal area for this study is the San Matías Gulf (SMG, 40° 50′–42° 15′ S, 63° 5′–65° 10′ W). Populations of O. puelchana were inferred from sub-fossil deposits (>700 years ago) throughout the gulf, but were documented in surveys a century ago only in the NW coast.The population has declined in the last decades. However, new populations have established recently in the NE and southern regions of the gulf.A Bonamia exitiosa epizootic was coincident with the declining trend of the abundance provided by the time series, suggesting that beds declined as a consequence of parasite infections.Dredging fisheries for scallops took place in the 1970s and 1980s on the NE coast of the gulf, in areas adjacent to the NE oyster beds. We proposed that fishing activities might have had a low impact on oyster beds, since NE beds expanded and increased during that period.The southward expansion of oyster population at latitudes beyond the historical distribution range might reflect long-term adequate environmental conditions for larval survival on the NE and S of the SMG.