Null controllability for the parabolic equation with a complex principal part

The paper is devoted to a study of the null controllability for the semilinear parabolic equation with a complex principal part. For this purpose, we establish a key weighted identity for partial differential operators (with real functions α and β), by which we develop a universal approach, based on global Carleman estimate, to deduce not only the desired explicit observability estimate for the linearized complex Ginzburg–Landau equation, but also all the known controllability/observability results for the parabolic, hyperbolic, Schrödinger and plate equations that are derived via Carleman estimates.