Dirac–Lie systems and Schwarzian equations

A Lie system is a system of differential equations admitting a superposition rule, i.e., a function describing its general solution in terms of any generic set of particular solutions and some constants. Following ideas going back to Dirac's description of constrained systems, we introduce and analyze a particular class of Lie systems on Dirac manifolds, called Dirac–Lie systems, which are associated with ‘Dirac–Lie Hamiltonians’. Our results enable us to investigate constants of the motion, superposition rules, and other general properties of such systems in a more effective way. Several concepts of the theory of Lie systems are adapted to this ‘Dirac setting’ and new applications of Dirac geometry in differential equations are presented. As an application, we analyze solutions of several types of Schwarzian equations, but our methods can be applied also to other classes of differential equations important for Physics.