Maximal pattern complexity of higher dimensional words

This paper studies the pattern complexity of n-dimensional words. We show that an n-recurrent but not n-periodic word has pattern complexity at least 2k, which generalizes the result of [T. Kamae, H. Rao, Y.-M. Xue, Maximal pattern complexity of two dimension words, Theoret. Comput. Sci. 359 (1–3) (2006) 15–27] on two-dimensional words. Analytic directions of a word are defined and its topological properties play a crucial role in the proof.Accordingly n-dimensional pattern Sturmian words are defined. Irrational rotation words are proved to be pattern Sturmian. A new class of higher dimensional words, the simple Toeplitz words, are introduced. We show that they are also pattern Sturmian words.