Polyphase glacigenic deformation in the Waterloo Moraine, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada

Deformation structures include normal faults with offsets ranging from 1 to 50 cm, widespread occurrences of density-driven ductile deformation ranging from 0.5 to 5 cm, open to closed folds (cm to m scale), as well as isolated occurrences of overturned folding ranging in size from 0.5 cm to approximately 1.2 m. Abundant reverse faulting with offsets ranging from 0.5 to 7 cm (average of 2 cm) and widespread occurrences of boudinage, bed attenuation and shear folds ranging in scale from 0.5 to 1.5 m were also observed. The nature and scale of deformation structures suggest complex polyphase deformation of heterogeneous sediments related to rapid sedimentation, sediment gravity flow, active ice deformation and melting of buried ice in a dynamic subaqueous environment.