Facies architecture of the Upper Oligocene submarine Smrekovec stratovolcano, Northern Slovenia

The Upper Oligocene Smrekovec Volcanic Complex (SVC) represents the remains of a submarine stratovolcano which underwent Early Miocene tectonic dissection and large-scale displacement along the Periadriatic Line. According to the lithofacies architecture, abundance and spatial distribution, central, medial and distal zones of the former volcano edifice have been recognized. The zones extend at a distance of 0–2 km, 2–5 km and 5–20 km south of the Periadriatic Line, respectively.Lavas, shallow intrusive bodies, autobreccia, peperite and hyaloclastite deposits occur mainly in the central zone, which is extensively altered under hydrothermal conditions, characterised by the development of zeolites (mainly laumontite), prehnite, chlorite, albite and epidote. Explosive volcanic activity intensified with the evolution of magma from basaltic andesitic to dacitic. Gas- and water-supported eruption-fed density flows are assumed. Their deposits show lithofacies organisation in pyroclastic depositional units (PDUs) similar to either volcaniclastic turbidites (Type 1) or thin subaqueous ignimbrites (Type 2).Volcaniclastic debris flow deposits are developed as volcaniclastic breccia and sandy debris flow deposits; the former occurs in the central and medial zones, and the latter occurs in the medial zone only.The most widespread lithofacies in the SVC are volcaniclastic turbidite deposits. Three types of sedimentary unit (TSU) have been distinguished. Type 1 is 2–5 m thick and dominated by the massive division. It mainly occurs in the central zone. Type 2 is 0.7–3.5 m thick and occurs in the central and medial zones. It comprises the massive division, bedded fining- and thinning-upward division, and a horizontally, wavy and cross-laminated division, topped by massive fine-grained tuff. Type 3 is 0.1–1.5 m thick and mainly occurs in the distal zone. The massive division is absent, and thinly-bedded and laminated divisions are topped by massive fine-grained tuff. Volcaniclastic turbidites were settled from low-density turbidity currents and related suspension clouds.Mixed volcaniclastic–siliciclastic deposits are subordinate in occurrence and restricted to the distal zone. They are commonly reworked by bottom currents.

► Volcaniclastic deposits are widespread in the submarine Smrekovec Volcanic Complex. ► Autobreccias and peperites occur along the margins of lavas and shallow intrusives. ► Pyroclastic deposits originate from eruption-fed density flows. ► Volcaniclastic turbidites are organised in fining-upward sedimentary units. ► Lithofacies assemblages denote volcano's proximal, medial and distal zones.