Composition and metal contents of ore-forming fluids of the Kalguty Mo–W(Be) deposit (Gorny Altai)

Based on results of study of fluid inclusions, we have established the specific fluid regime of formation of the Kalguty Mo–W(Be) deposit (Gorny Altai). Using classical thermobarogeochemistry (cryo- and thermometry) and modern microprobing methods (Raman spectroscopy and LA-ICP-MS), we studied fluid inclusions in quartz of quartz–wolframite veins (ore formation stage I), specific “quartz core” (quartz lens), and pyrite-chalcopyrite-molybdenite paragenesis (ore formation stage II). The results of study show that the quartz–wolframite veins of the Kalguty deposit formed with the participation of reduced W-Sb-bearing fluids with a salt content of up to 5.9 wt.%. Their gas phase consisted of CO2, N2, and CH4. Formation of pyrite-chalcopyrite-molybdenite mineralization involved oxidized hot (530–420 °C) fluids with the average salt content of 9.3 wt.%. Their gas phase was of high density (up to 0.55) and consisted of CO2, N2, and H2S. The pressure of the mineral-forming environment varied from 50 to 25 MPa. The fluids contained Cu, Mo, Bi, and S. The productive greisen-vein Mo–W(Be) mineralization of the Kalguty deposit resulted from the superposition of greisen molybdenite-chalcopyrite mineralization on parageneses of earlier formed quartz-wolframite veins. Oxidized metal-bearing fluids that formed the Mo mineralization of the Kalguty deposit have high contents of S and are geochemical analogs of magmatic metal-bearing ore-forming fluids of the Central Aldan porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposits, which are genetically related to alkaline massifs. This suggests the significant influence of the mantle source on the formation of the Kalguty rare-metal ore-magmatic system. The same is evidenced from the sulfur isotope composition of chalcopyrite, molybdenite, and pyrite from ore parageneses, falling in the narrow range of δ34S‰ from − 1.2 to + 2.9 corresponding to the isotope composition of mantle sulfur.