Fluid seepage in mud volcanoes of the northern Apennines: An integrated geophysical and geological study

Seismic and geo-electrical investigations clearly detected the sub-vertical structures of the superficial outlet of the volcanic conduits and chimneys. A mud chamber was identified at a depth of 25 m. This shallow reservoir could represent the last phase of mud accumulation before final emission. Comparison with other mud volcanoes of the northern Apennines suggests a close relationship between extruded materials and substratum typology.