Multiple neoplasms in a single sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil

•The first case of documented neoplasia in a non-hadrosaur dinosaur.•Two different types of neoplasia in a single vertebra of a titanosaurid dinosaur from Upper Cretaceous of Brazil.•This is the first histologically verified diagnosis of an osteoma in the dinosaur record.

Tumors are thought rare in dinosaurs, previously limited in distribution to a single family – hadrosaurs. Here we recognized two different neoplastic lesions, osteoma and hemangioma, in a single caudal vertebra of a titanosaur dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil, diagnosed on the basis of macroscopic, radiological and histological analysis. This is the first occurrence of neoplasia in a non-hadrosaur dinosaur. Therefore, neoplasia is not restricted to hadrosaur dinosaurs, as previously suggested.