Evaluation of past stratification changes in the Nordic Seas by comparing planktonic foraminiferal δ18O with a solar-forced model

Density changes in the upper water column of the northern North Atlantic may enhance or reduce vertical convection of surface water with profound effects on meridional overturning and climate in the wider region. This study tests the capability of paired δ18O values of two planktonic foraminiferal species – Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (s) and Turborotalita quinqueloba – for the reconstruction of near-surface density stratification in high latitudes or the glacial ocean. Foraminiferal data from two sediment cores of crucial areas of the Nordic Seas were compared with insolation-induced thermal stratification changes as obtained by simulations with the general circulation model ECHO-G. The comparison suggests that insolation was the chief mechanism to change thermocline strength during most of the Holocene. Prior to that, stratification depended by and large on the varying amounts of meltwater injected at the sea surface. Similar to the modern central Arctic Ocean, a pronounced and thick halocline prevented surface waters from deep convection in the central Nordic Seas. Parts of the Norwegian Sea, however, were also stratified but more analogous to the modern Greenland Sea, where deep convection can occur in late winter as a result of the density increase upon a combination of cold temperatures and wind stress. Our findings thus support previous results of an active meridional overturning also in a glacial ocean.

► We reconstructed stratification changes in the Nordic Seas since the LGM. ► During most of the Holocene, thermocline strength changed due to insolation. ► In the LGM, a halocline as in the modern Arctic Ocean covered central Nordic seas. ► In contrast, west of Norway, conditions were similar to the modern Greenland Sea.