Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
4768982 | Fuel Processing Technology | 2016 | 6 Pages |
Abstract
This work investigated the yields of monomeric phenols in bio-oil derived from hydrothermal liquefaction of rice straw (RS) in water and ethanol mixtures using a reductive CuZnAl catalyst. Based on the results of an initial analysis, five monomeric phenolic compounds were selected for research due to their higher concentrations, namely phenol, 4-ethyl-phenol, 2-methoxy-phenol, 2-methoxy-4-ethyl-phenol and 2,6-dimethoxy-phenol. The optimized conditions for the production of monomeric phenols can be determined as: 2 g of CuZnAl catalyst, a ratio of 50% ethanol/50% water (v/v), a temperature of 300 °C and a reaction time of 30 min. Results suggested that the maximum yield of total monomeric phenols could reach as high as ~ 26.8% (based on the mass of RS lignin), and that the aqueous phase yielded 95.5% of the monomeric phenols due to the solubilization of the ethanol. The CuZnAl catalyst was recycled five times, and a slight loss in activity was observed and examined using a number of technologies, including inductively coupled plasma, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray detection. The low-cost nature of the CuZnAl catalyst makes it an ideal catalyst for the enhancement of monomeric phenols yields in water and ethanol mixtures.
Keywords
Related Topics
Physical Sciences and Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering (General)
Authors
Chao Zhou, Xiangdong Zhu, Feng Qian, Wei Shen, Hualong Xu, Shicheng Zhang, Jianmin Chen,