The measurement principles, working parameters and configurations of voltammetric electronic tongues and its applications for foodstuff analysis

Voltammetric electronic tongue (VE-tongue) is a promising technology for advanced sensing and measurement applications. The review examines the measurement principles, working parameters and configurations of different types of voltammetric electronic tongues (VE-tongue): the VE-tongue based on bare electrodes, modified electrodes and biosensors. The working parameters of these VE-tongues (electrode cleaning method, pulsed voltammetry and pre-processing of responses data) are described, and the development of VE-tongue based on miniaturized sensors arrays and automatic flow techniques is also presented. The applications of foodstuff analysis commented include recognition of basic tastes substances, tracing origins/samples recognition, process monitoring, and quality investigation. Finally, the unsolved problems and significant efforts of VE-tongues are depicted.