Evaluation of life cycle carbon impacts for higher education building redevelopment: a multiple case study approach

The best-case refurbishment options showed average life cycle carbon savings of between 20 and 29%, with the most effective intervention varying by building. For new-build, the savings ranged from 32-64%, with the greatest being for conversion from mechanical to natural ventilation. The average contribution of embodied carbon to total life cycle carbon impact for the new-builds varied from 6% for the chemistry building to 23% for the law building.