Evaluation of life cycle carbon impacts for higher education building redevelopment: an archetype approach

For new-build, average life cycle carbon savings ranged from 37 to 54%, exceeding the range of 25-33% for the best-case refurbishment options. However, in some cases the differences were only slight and within the range of uncertainty. Structural systems and building services dominated material impacts, the latter owing to replacement cycles. The generalised findings were used to provide guidance on higher education carbon management.