Seismic performance of T-shaped steel-concrete composite structural walls subjected to loadings from different directions

This paper presents experimental and analytical investigations on T-shaped steel-concrete composite structural walls. In the paper, experimental results of five T-shaped wall specimens are presented. The variables tested include the loading direction, the axial load ratio and the shear span ratio. The results of the experimental results are discussed together with the data from the strain gauges, the observed cracking patterns and the failure mechanisms. To provide additional information to behavior of these walls, analytical studies were conducted based on finite element models built in TNO Diana software. These models were compared with the experimental data for validation and were further adopted to investigate the influence of the axial load ratio and the loading direction on T-shaped steel-concrete composite walls with different shear span ratios.