Axially restrained steel beams with web openings at elevated temperatures, part 1: Behaviour and numerical simulation results

The results of this paper also indicate that when the maximum axial tension in the beam is reached, the top tee-section has almost zero axial force. At the same temperature, the bottom tee-section (in tension) has reached its maximum tensile capacity. Hence the maximum axial force in the beam is the same as the tensile capacity of the bottom tee-section. This finding can be used to determine the maximum tensile force against which the connections. The companion paper presents an analytical solution.