Simulating transverse icebreaking process considering both crushing and bending failures

The present numerical model simulates ice actions on marine structures in the vicinity of the waterline caused by breaking of intact ice. Intact ice mainly fail in bending or/and crushing mode on the interaction surface between ice and the hull. In this paper, a new method has been proposed to simulate non-simultaneous crushing failure in time domain based on previous research on simulations of bending failure. The simulated results are also compared with model test results. It shows that the simulated ice loads are in good agreement with the experimental results in terms of mean value, standard deviation, maximum and extreme force distributions, though there are some deviations between predicted and measured results for certain cases.