Traction formula for rolling-sliding contacts in consideration of roughness under low slide to roll ratios

Based on the numerical results of a wide range of parameters in terms of the linear complementarity framework, an easy-to-use formula is presented by using the regression analyses to estimate the traction coefficient for rolling-sliding contacts under low Slide-to-Roll Ratio (SRR) domain for dry condition. The parameters include geometry, surface roughness, SRR and friction coefficient and contact radius. The formula's predictions are in good agreement with measurements using a ball on disc test rig. The results indicate that for steel-steel contact, the effects of third body layer and plasticity on the traction can almost cancel each other out. In addition, by revising the expression proposed by Masjedi and Khonsari, the formula is extended to estimate the cases under mixed lubrication.