Comparative analysis of full-scale membrane distillation contactors - methods and modules

Suitable methods for a comparative analysis of different MD performance results are suggested and fundamental MD specifications are derived and applied to evaluate a set of different DCMD prototypes. The methods involve the analysis of the permeate output rate, flux and thermal energy consumption with respect to feed flow rate conditions. The optimization of flux and thermal energy consumption is identified to rely on conflicting requirements, which cannot be satisfied at the same time. The optimal combination of flux and thermal energy consumption depends on the projected scenario and may not be identified by a technical assessment alone. Economic considerations must be included. As final outcome, a method of specifying MD results by a representation of flux versus thermal energy consumption is suggested in order to allow a meaningful evaluation and to achieve global comparability among different MD configurations and other thermal separation technologies.