An isotropic intense electromagnetic impulse (EMP) sensor using integrated electro-optic (EO) probe

An isotropic intense electromagnetic impulse (EMP) sensor has been designed, fabricated and measured using three Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) integrated optical waveguide electric field probes. Experiment results demonstrate that the sensor has flat response from 100 kHz to 1 GHz with a variation less than ±3 dB, and the sensor detected electric field waveform agrees well with the applied quasi-standard high altitude nuclear electromagnetic impulse (HNEMP). Besides, the sensor exhibits linear response from 2.2 kV/m to 56.8 kV/m, and the minimum detectable electric field in the time domain is approximately equal to 427.2 V/m.