Circuit-level modeling of quantum cascade lasers: Influence of Kerr effect on static and dynamic responses

The three-level rate-equations-based QCL models, considering the Kerr nonlinearity term, possess multiple DC solution regimes for nonnegative values of injection currents. We show that by giving the proper initial conditions, the DC bias point simulation results of the proposed QCL circuit-level model will converge to the physical positive output powers. We also show that the proposed model can accurately predict the influence of the Kerr effect on static and dynamic behaviors of the QCLs.