Old Chico's new tricks: Neoliberalization and water sector reform in Brazil's São Francisco River Basin

•This article examines changing modalities of water governance in Brazil.•Contributes to neoliberal natures debates around variegation and contestation.•Presents a case study of the São Francisco River Basin.•Analyzes decision-making processes therein, including neoliberalization.•Summarizes the implications.

This article examines changing water governance modalities in the context of the neoliberalization of nature. Specifically, it focuses on Brazilian water sector reforms passed in 1997 that mandate decentralized and participatory decision-making at the river basin scale. Critics have suggested that rescaling, decentralization, and participatory governance mechanisms - supposedly intended to render decision-making more equitable, accessible, and relevant - can serve to legitimate, facilitate, and thus further embed processes of neoliberalization. Examining the impact of Brazil's water sector reforms on the state-society relationship, this article presents a case study of water governance in the São Francisco River Basin and finds that the reforms - despite their neoliberalizing potential - have not significantly contributed to the neoliberalization of governance therein. Instead, water governance continues to be characterized by longstanding patterns of traditional elite control. Through an institutional and socio-natural analysis, this article describes and accounts for the continued dominance of these patterns relative to neoliberalization and explores activists' efforts to use water sector reforms to pursue more progressive possibilities. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications for variegation and contestation in ongoing debates over neoliberal natures.