Rubber tapper identities: Political-economic dynamics, livelihood shifts, and environmental implications in a changing Amazon

► We asked residents of an extractive reserve whether they identify as rubber tappers. ► Most identify as rubber tappers, but a minority taps rubber, and many herd cattle. ► Residents report many different reasons for self-identifying as rubber tappers. ► Cattle ranching in extractive reserves divides rubber tappers politically. ► Livelihood shifts cause tensions over the content of livelihood-based identities.