“Vote with your feet”: Neoliberalism, the democratic nation-state, and utopian enclave libertarianism

•The diversity of neoliberalism's utopian imaginaries has been under.•Enclave libertarians re-imagine the democratic nation-state as a solution to the contradictions of neoliberalism.•Enclave libertarian proposals are positioned as solutions to critical issues in the real world.•Focusing on these utopian discourses allows for a more nuanced understanding of neoliberalism's mutations and diversity in practice.

This paper examines a series of emerging utopian discourses that call for the creation of autonomous libertarian enclaves on land ceded by or claimed against existing states. These discourses have emerged in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis and can be seen as a response to the crisis on the part of free-market advocates who critique previous waves of neoliberal reform for failing to radically transform the existing structures of the state. Enclave libertarianism seeks to overcome neoliberal capitalism's contradictory relationship to the liberal democratic state by rethinking the state as a “private government service provider” and rethinking citizens as mobile consumers of government services. Citizens are thus called to “vote with their feet” by opting-in to the jurisdiction that best fits their needs and beliefs. The paper argues that these utopian imaginaries are key to understanding specific new manifestations of post-crisis neoliberalism, and calls for more research into the diversity of discourses and imaginaries that circulate through networks of neoliberal actors beyond specific policy initiatives.