Non-invasive diagnosis of oral cancer: The role of electro-analytical methods and nanomaterials

Oral cancer is a kind of head and neck cancer and is each cancerous tissue growth located in the oral cavity. Non-invasive early diagnosis of oral cancer is the most effective means to reduce death from this disease or increase the survival time. In this review, various types of electro-analytical methods for detection of oral cancer were discussed. The emphasis is placed on non-invasive detection of oral based on immune-, geno-, cyto-, apta-, and enzyme-biosensing strategies. In the first part of review, various electrochemical immunosensing methods for the detection of common biomarker in oral cancer and examines their potential as a new method were discussed. In the second part of review, we discuss critical aspects of genosensor design with particular emphasis on analytical characteristics and non-invasive analysis of oral cancer. Finally, most frequently applied principles in non-invasive enzyme and cytosensing of oral cancer were described. Furthermore, we address the remaining challenges and opportunities to integrate electrochemical biosensing platforms into non-invasive point-of-care solutions.