Twisted donor substituted simple thiophene dyes retard the dye aggregation and charge recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells

Back electron transfer on TiO2 thin film and dye aggregation are preferably inhibited by extended conjugation of π-spacer dyes having different twisted donors. I−/I3− and Co+2/Co+3electrolyte show diverse open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current (Jsc), Fill factor (FF) and Power conversion efficiency (PCE) measured under one sun.254