Structure and immunomodulatory activity of a sulfated agarose with pyruvate and xylose substitutes from Polysiphonia senticulosa Harvey

A charged and size uniform polysaccharide PS2 was prepared from red seaweed Polysiphonia senticulosa Harvey. Based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization collision-induced-dissociation mass spectrometry (ESI-CID-MSn) analysis, PS2 was determined to be a novel 6-O-sulfated agarose which was mainly composed of a repeating unit of alternating (1 → 3)-linked 6-sulfated-β-d-galactose and (1 → 4)-linked 3,6-anhydro-α-l-galactose in association with small amount of pyruvate substituted on galactose residues and xylose (Xyl) branched at C2 position of 3,6-anhydro-galactose. The immunomodulatory activity of PS2 was evaluated on RAW264.7 cells, and the results showed PS2 could increase nitric oxide (NO) production and enhanced the phagocytic activity of macrophages. Moreover, PS2 could significantly promote proliferation of T lymphocyte and potentiated the nature kill cell (NK) activity. These findings suggest that PS2 could be potentially developed as a novel valuable immunomodulator.