Gradient polymer surfaces for biomedical applications

In this review, we describe the preparation and characterization of gradient polymer surfaces, presenting an organized and detailed overview of the state-of-the-art. First, the preparation of gradient surfaces and their characterization will be discussed. The introduction and characterizations of biofunctional groups on gradient surfaces will be then presented. Finally, we concentrate on the interactions of these surfaces with biological species, such as proteins and cells, important in the understanding of the basic science for biomedical application.