Cerium(IV)-mediated C-C bond formations in carbohydrate chemistry

We provide a comprehensive study on the addition of radicals to unsaturated carbohydrates in the presence of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN). The method is applicable to hexoses, pentoses, and disaccharides, tolerates different protecting groups, and is characterized by mild reaction conditions. Best substrates are malonates and glycals, which afford 2-C-branched carbohydrates in high yields and stereoselectivities. For the first time, the anomeric radicals were trapped with nucleophiles after oxidation and thus the 1- and 2-position of glucose were functionalized in one step. Nitro compounds are suitable CH acidic radical precursors as well, offering an easy access to C-analogs of glycosamines in moderate to good yields. Finally, selective reductions demonstrate the synthetic potential of cerium(IV)-mediated radical reactions in carbohydrate chemistry.

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