Two-dimensional angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using display analyzer-Atomic orbital analysis and characterization of valence band

The information obtained by two-dimensional angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy in UPS (ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy) region is described. A display-type spherical mirror analyzer can measure wide-angle angular distribution of photoelectrons of one particular kinetic energy (binding energy) without changing the angles of incident light and the sample. The shape of the cross section of valence band, especially of the Fermi surface can be observed directly on the screen. Three-dimensional energy band and Fermi surface are obtained by scanning the binding energy of two-dimensional band mapping. In the case of linearly polarized light excitation the symmetry relation in the photoelectron excitation process can also be displayed as “angular distribution from atomic orbital ADAO”, which is used to distinguish the atomic orbitals constituting the energy band. An example is shown for the atomic orbital analysis of Cu Fermi surface at each k point. It was successfully revealed that the Cu 4p orbitals are aligned with their axes pointing outwards. Another important angular distribution is the “photoemission structure factor PSF”, which originates from the interference among photoelectron waves from individual atoms. PSF determines the intensity inequivalency between Brillouin zones and reveals the bonding character of the energy band.