Self-organized, size-selection of precipitates during severe plastic deformation of dilute Cu-Nb alloys at low temperatures

High pressure torsion (HPT) experiments have been carried out at very low temperatures (−78 °C) on dilute Cu-Nb alloys. The samples were prepared by magnetron sputtering to create solid solutions containing nominally between 1 at.% and 10 at.% Nb. Some samples were pre-annealed to 700 °C to form large Nb precipitates, ∼75 nm in radius, prior to HPT. For the unannealed alloys, HPT at low temperatures led to alloy decomposition for alloys with concentrations greater than ∼2 at.% Nb, with the steady state concentration of Nb increasing from ∼1.5 to ∼3 at.% as the initial concentration of Nb was increased. It was also observed that BCC Nb precipitates formed during low-temperature HPT, with a steady state precipitate size ∼10 nm in radius, which was insensitive to alloy concentration. HPT of pre-annealed Cu-10 at.% alloy led to the same steady state microstructure as the unannealed sample, indicating that the steady state during the low temperature HPT process is independent of the initial state for these Cu-Nb alloys. A model for phase evolution in strongly immiscible alloys during severe, low-temperature deformation is offered and implemented through kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. Good agreement with experiment is obtained.

Graphical abstractThe solubility vs strain of niobium in copper and the size distribution of niobium precipitates found after a strain of ∼2000. It can be seen that HPT of pre-annealed Cu- 10 at.% alloy led to the same steady state microstructure and solubility as the unannealed sample, indicating the low temperature HPT process is ergodic for these Cu-Nb alloys.Download high-res image (438KB)Download full-size image