Thermal modelling and experimental validation of hot spot in crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules for real outdoor condition

In this paper, a mathematical model has been developed to calculate solar cell temperature, hot spot temperature and module efficiency in opaque and semitransparent mono crystalline silicon (sc-Si) PV module. The calculated results have been validated by experimental investigations for both opaque and semitransparent PV modules. Opaque PV module exhibits around 2-3 °C higher temperature in comparison to the semitransparent PV module for one as well as two hot spots. The hot spot temperature decreases with as an increase in the number of hot spots (area of hot spot) in both PV modules. Furthermore, the efficiency of both PV modules has been estimated for one hot spot (opaque 10.41%; semitransparent 10.62%) and two hot spot (opaque 10.41%; semitransparent 10.54%).