Characterizing flow resistance in 3-dimensional disordered fibrous structures based on Forchheimer coefficients for a wide range of Reynolds numbers

It is concluded that flow resistance in the isotropic fiber arrangement in space is lower than the in-plane isotropic orientation and disordered unidirectional fiber arrangements at creeping flow conditions, however, all friction actors converges towards the same value at higher Reynolds numbers indicating that fiber orientation is independent at high inertia flow regimes. Overall, our numerical simulations agree well to classical empirical formulations for a wide range of Reynolds number. However, the comparison differs considerably depending on the porosity level.