Numerical investigation of rolling response of a 2D rectangular hold, partially filled with moist bulk cargo

Liquefaction of mineral ores, such as iron ore and nickel ore fines, resulting in cargo liquefaction and hence displacement ('cargo shift') leading to loss of ship stability, has been a major cause of marine casualties. In the paper, rolling response in regular waves for a 2D rectangular hold, partially filled with moist bulk cargo is investigated, by applying a simulation approach based on an adapter that couples a CFD code and a DEM ('Discrete Element Method') code. A parametric investigation is undertaken to identify the key parameters that trigger cargo and ship instabilities.