Biomass energy consumption, economic growth and carbon emissions: Fresh evidence from West Africa using a simultaneous equation model

The overall results show that a complete significant interactive relationship (feedback effects) exists among GDP, biomass consumption and carbon emission in five West Africa countries (Nigeria, Burkina Faso, The Gambia, Mali and Togo). There are partial significant links among the variables in the remaining West African countries. A complete significant nexus among the variables was also discovered for panel of the countries. Based on the results, some policy implications were drawn for West African countries. There is need to reduce the prevailing high energy intensity of output in West Africa through the adoption of energy-efficient technologies. It is also imperative to find clean energy alternatives (or complementary) to biomass use so as to reduce the resulting high carbon emissions which may hinder the attainment of high and sustainable growth in the nearest future.