Risk Factors for and the Clinical Impact of Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus Infections in Pediatric Recipients of TCR-α/β- and CD19-Depleted Grafts

•Incidence of CMV and EBV viremia is 51% and 33% in TCR-α/β-depleted transplantation.•Neither CMV nor EBV viremia affects survival after TCR-α/β-depleted transplantation.•CMV-seronegative donor-CMV-seropositive recipient combination should be avoided.•Combined in vivo and ex vivo B cell depletion solves the problem of EBV PTLD.•Graft-versus-host disease is associated with increased risk of CMV and EBV viremia.

Alpha/beta T cell and CD19 depletion are used to improve the outcomes of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We evaluated the burden of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in pediatric patients after this HSCT type. A cohort of 182 patients with malignant (n = 114) or nonmalignant (n = 68) disorders was transplanted from either matched unrelated (n = 124) or haploidentical (n = 58) donors. The cumulative incidence of CMV and EBV viremia were 51% and 33%, respectively. Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) grades II to IV, D−/R+ serology, and malignant HSCT indications were associated with increased risk of CMV viremia. CMV disease developed in 10 patients (6%). The occurrence of CMV viremia was not associated with inferior outcomes. Acute GVHD grade ≥ II was the only factor significantly associated with an increased risk of EBV viremia. Rituximab significantly decreased the rate of EBV reactivation in a subgroup that received a higher B cell dose in the graft. The rate of EBV-associated disease was .5%, and EBV viremia did not affect survival. TCR-α/β and CD19 depletion are associated with a significant rate of CMV viremia that does not affect survival. The hazard of EBV post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) is eliminated by the combination of CD19 depletion and rituximab.

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