The herd effects of infant PCV7/PCV13 sequential implementation on adult invasive pneumococcal disease, six years post implementation; a nationwide study in Israel

Despite continued reduction in PCV13-VT-IPD, overall IPD was stable during the last two years due to serotype replacement. Yet, the significant decrease in adult IPD, six years post-PCV7/13 implementation emphasizes the importance of indirect protection in achieving overall population impact and should be considered when discussing the potential additional benefits of direct adult PCV vaccination.