| Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5562252 | Toxicology Letters | 2017 | 36 Pages |
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by α-synuclein accumulation, dopaminergic neuron loss and inflammation. α-Synuclein can be secreted by neurons and activate microglia to different degrees. Excessive microglial activation can increase the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (INF-γ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), and can also enhance microglial phagocytosis and migration as well as lymphocyte infiltration. Pathological α-synuclein and microglial activation can potentiate each other, leading to the loss of dopaminergic neurons and accelerated PD degeneration. This review will mainly describe the profiles of α-synuclein-activated microglia, with particular emphasis on the signaling cascades involved in this process.
Keywords
CD36COX-2PAMPsTLR4CD11BFc gamma receptorsCD44ERKiNOSIKKNACTHP-1IL-1βIκBEP2cPLA2MPTPAP-1TLR2MHCIINon-amyloid-β componentTLR1NF-κBPI3KPLD2BV-2INF-γFcγRsIL-6NADPHJnkTLR7MmpsCD68TLR3cluster of differentiation 11bSH-SY5Y1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridineIκB kinaseMAPKsROSTLRsα-synucleinAktmajor histocompatibility complex IIinflammationpathogen-associated molecular patternsNADPH oxidaseinterferon-γinterleukin-6interleukin-1-βParkinson’s diseasetumor necrosis factor alphacluster of differentiation 36cluster of differentiation 44Cluster of differentiation 68CNSHuman neuroblastoma cell lineinducible nitric oxide synthasecentral nervous systemCyclooxygenase-2TNF-αNuclear factor-kappa BPhoxcytosolic phospholipase A2matrix metalloproteinaseinhibitor of NF-κBMac-1Microgliawild-typeNitric oxideactivator protein-1protein kinase Breduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphateExtracellular regulated kinasesmitogen-activated protein kinasesReactive oxygen speciesToll-like receptor 2Toll-like receptor 4toll-like receptor 7Toll-like receptorsToll-like receptor 1Toll-like receptor 3
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Authors
Qiu-Shuang Zhang, Yang Heng, Yu-He Yuan, Nai-Hong Chen,