A narrative review of interventions addressing the parental-fetal relationship

There is insufficient evidence to support definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy of any included intervention. A number of limitations, such as non-probability sampling, lack of blinding, and insufficient follow-up weaken the evidence. The inclusion of fathers in only three studies reflects the overall neglect of men in research regarding the prenatal relationship. Further in-depth study of the nature of the maternal/paternal-fetal relationship may be needed in order to allow for the identification of interventions that are consistently beneficial and worthwhile.