Bladder Pain Syndrome in Females

•Bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is a chronic pelvic pain condition.•Provider awareness is lacking regarding diagnosis and treatment of BPS.•BPS can significantly disrupt normal daily activities and decrease quality of life.•Diagnosis is by exclusion and valid questionnaires are used for monitoring symptoms.•Treatment includes conservative, oral and intravesical medications, and surgery.

Bladder pain syndrome (BPS), previously recognized as interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome, is a chronic pelvic pain condition that can be significantly debilitating and decrease quality of life for women. The etiology of BPS is unknown, and it is diagnosed by exclusion. BPS remains difficult to diagnose and manage because of vague symptoms and a lack of universally effective treatments. This article reviews the current literature about BPS etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options.