Alterations in cytokine gene expression profile in colon mucosa of Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients on different therapeutic regimens

All investigated genes were found upregulated in the inflamed mucosa of IBD patients in the following order: IL-6 > FoxP3 > TGFβ1 > IL-23 > IL-17A > IL-10. We also observed that the gene expression of FoxP3 and IL-6 were substantially higher in the inflamed mucosal tissue of the IBD patients than the adjacent normal mucosa (p = 0.035, p = 0.03 respectively). Differences between higher mRNA expression of FoxP3 and IL-6 in inflamed tissue were considered significant in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) (p = 0.011, p = 0.000 respectively) and with Crohn's disease (CD) (p = 0.008, p = 0.000 respectively) in comparison to the normal mucosa of non-IBD persons and we found increased TGFβ1 in CD patients alone (p = 0.041). Furthermore, IL-6 and TGFβ1 were overexpressed (RQ > 10) in non-inflamed mucosa from IBD patients compared to the normal mucosa from the controls. When we compared the gene expression for paired mucosa in the immunosuppressive treated group with the 5-ASA treated group we observed opposite changes in IL-6 and TGFβ1 expression. Additionally, we found higher serum levels of IL-23 (p = 0.008), TGFβ1 and IL-6 in IBD patients compared to non-IBD patients. The obtained specific expression profile consisting of IL-6, TGFβ1, IL-10 and FoxP3 may represent a transcriptional hallmark for IBD. Furthermore, we found that treatment with immunosuppressive therapy was more beneficial for driving cytokine expression to restore immune regulation in patients with IBD, unlike the 5-ASA therapy.