Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
5588417 | Metabolism | 2017 | 56 Pages |
Abstract
Interactions between macrophages and adipocytes influence both metabolism and inflammation. Obesity-induced changes to macrophages and adipocytes lead to chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. This paper reviews the various functions of macrophages in lean and obese adipose tissue and how obesity alters adipose tissue macrophage phenotypes. Metabolic disease and insulin resistance shift the balance between numerous pro- and anti-inflammatory regulators of macrophages and create a feed-forward loop of increasing inflammatory macrophage activation and worsening adipocyte dysfunction. This ultimately leads to adipose tissue fibrosis and diabetes. The molecular mechanisms underlying these processes have therapeutic implications for obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes.
Keywords
PCOSIFN-γPPARAMPKSFAGLP-1HFDT2DFFADIOTNCTGFOIRNLRP3VLCDMMPDPP-4LPSTZDJnkAMP-activated protein kinasec-Jun N-terminal kinaseNFκBROSsaturated fatty acidFree fatty acidsinflammationinsulininterferon-γinterleukintransforming growth factortumor necrosis factor-αThiazolidinedioneATMType 2 diabetesDipeptidyl peptidase-4High fat dietVery low-calorie dietpolycystic ovarian syndromeTNF-αnuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cellsFibrosislow density lipoproteinLDLlipopolysaccharidematrix metalloproteinaseMacrophageadipose tissue macrophagesObesityMicroRNAMiRNANitric oxideC-reactive proteinCRPnod-like receptor protein 3glucagon-like peptide-1diet-induced obesityAdiposeReactive oxygen speciesPeroxisome proliferator activated receptor
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Authors
Dylan Thomas, Caroline Apovian,