Recent advancement and treatment of leishmaniasis based on pharmacoinformatics approach: Current and future outlook

The concept of rational treatment, target to therapy, is an old and interesting process in drug discovery that includes the entire step from target identification to successful treatments of disease and is based on new drug delivery approach. In this current review, we have tried to compile maximum data which are published in a recent journal and books from 2005 to 2017 in all areas related with treatment of leishmaniasis. During last decade (2005-2015), there are a number of preclinical drug(s) undergone into clinical phase (Ph-III) and our institute (RMRIMS, Patna) is dedicated to the basic and clinical research of leishmaniasis. Today, there are number of drugs of choice for the treatment of leishamaisis (AmBisome and miltefosine) and more are in a clinical trial (Phase IV), which have > 94% efficacy and success rates. Moreover, there are 98 candidates (drugs) in preclinical development stages and most of them are antleishmanial agents. The nine (9) antleishmanial agents are in Phase III (efficacy) trials (combination with first line drugs). The success rate of combination therapy are having > 98%. The chemical classification of all drugs which have under preclinical trial is classified as chalcones (18), azoles (15), and quinolines (9) compounds. The drug target is based on classifications of drugs or drug candidates that revealed that topoisomerase have higher success rate (42%) followed by cysteine protease (13%). This study suggest that the drug target against this site such as topoisomerase and cysteine proteases will have > 50% success rate. In this review, number of diagrams have been elucidated to understand overall and clear picture, and its structural group which is responsible for development of drug(s) against leishmaniasis.