Transapical Transcatheter Valve-in-Valve Implantation for Failed Mitral Bioprostheses: Gradient, Symptoms, and Functional Status in 18 High-Risk Patients Up to 5 Years

Mitral valve-in-valve implantation allows good clinical and hemodynamic results. In our series, the appearance of a significant gradient at follow-up was not associated with echocardiographic signs of structural deterioration, and was possibly related to the size of the transcatheter and recipient valve.