Scan, plan, print, practice, perform: Development and use of a patient-specific 3-dimensional printed model in adult cardiac surgery

Three-dimensional printing of interactive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy heart models allows for patient-specific preoperative simulation. Resection volume relationships were congruous on both specimens and suggest evidence of construct validity. This model also holds educational promise for simulation of a low-volume, high-risk operation that is traditionally difficult to teach.