Advances in the non-invasive assessment of vascular dysfunction in metabolic syndrome and diabetes: Focus on endothelium, carotid mechanics and renal vessels

Vascular dysfunction represents a major mechanism for the development of cardiovascular disease in patients with abnormal glucose metabolism. Hence, the currently available non-invasive techniques to assess early structural and vascular abnormalities merit recommendation in this population, although their predictive value and sensitivity to monitor treatment-induced changes have not yet been established and are still under investigation.