Extent of Resection, Visual, and Endocrinologic Outcomes for Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery for Recurrent Pituitary Adenomas

The endoscopic endonasal approach provides a safe and effective option for recurrent pituitary adenomas. Smaller tumor size, absence of cavernous sinus invasion, and previous microscopic approach were independent predictors of GTR. This finding might suggest that inadequate exposure or limited viewing angle may adversely affect extent of resection in primary microscopic surgeries.